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![]() ![]() The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers of predominantly Cuman- Kipchaks (from Crimea), Circassian, Abkhazian, Oghuz Turks and Georgian slave origin. The Mamlūk state reached its height under Turkic rule with Arabic culture and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkish" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks. ![]() Western historians call the former the " Baḥrī" period and the latter the " Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods-one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. ![]() The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic language: سلطنة المماليك Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. ![]()
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